什麼是“一次調頻”，什麼是“二次調頻”？
所謂“一次調頻”通常是指發電機的調速器，而“二次調頻”是指當“一次調頻”不滿足要求時，發電機調頻器進行的頻率調節。 原動機閥開度的相應調節的調節通過速度控制系統實現，這稱為頻率調節。
響應於系統頻率變化而對原動機的氣門開度進行調節是通過調頻器實現的，這稱為頻率的二次調節。
一種調頻：
When each unit is connected to the grid, affected by external load changes, the frequency of the power grid changes.當每個單元連接到電網時，受外部負載的影響，電網頻率也會變化。 At this time, the adjustment system of each unit participates in the adjustment function, changing the load carried by each unit, and making it balanced with the external load.此時，每個單元的調節系統參與調節功能，改變每個單元所承載的負載，並使其與外部負載平衡。 At the same time, we also try our best.同時，我們也盡力而為。 Reduce the change of the grid frequency, this process is a frequency modulation.減少電網頻率的變化，這個過程就是調頻。
第二調頻：
Primary frequency modulation is a differential adjustment, which cannot maintain the grid frequency unchanged, but can only ease the degree of change of the grid frequency.初級頻率調製是一種差分調整，它不能保持電網頻率不變，而只能緩解電網頻率的變化程度。 Therefore, it is necessary to use synchronizers to increase and decelerate the load of some units to restore the grid frequency.因此，有必要使用同步器來增加和減少某些單元的負載以恢復電網頻率。 This process is called secondary FM.此過程稱為輔助FM。
Only after the second frequency modulation, the grid frequency can accurately maintain a constant value.只有在第二次調頻之後，電網頻率才能準確地保持恆定值。 There are currently two methods for secondary frequency modulation:當前有兩種用於二次頻率調製的方法：
1.整體調整命令工廠調整負荷。
2，機組採用AGC模式，實現機組的自動負荷調度
Simply put, primary frequency regulation means that the steam turbine speed regulation system should adjust the unit load to restore the grid frequency spontaneously according to the changes in the grid frequency.簡而言之，一次頻率調節意味著蒸汽輪機調速系統應根據電網頻率的變化調節單位負載以自發地恢復電網頻率。 The secondary frequency regulation is artificially adjust the unit load according to the grid frequency.二次調頻是根據電網頻率人為地調節機組負荷。
一次調頻和二次調頻
電網調頻的基本概念
One of the main tasks of power system operation is to control the grid frequency-control the grid frequency within an allowable range around 50Hz.電力系統運行的主要任務之一是控制電網頻率，將電網頻率控制在50Hz左右的允許範圍內。 The reason why the grid frequency deviates from the rated value of 50Hz is caused by the breakdown of the balance between the power supply on the energy side (hydropower, thermal power, nuclear power...) and the power used on the load side.電網頻率偏離額定值XNUMXHz的原因是由於能源側的電源（水電，火電，核電...）和負載側的電源之間的平衡失靈。 The electrical power of the load is constantly changing.負載的電力不斷變化。 Therefore, the essence of the frequency control of the grid is: according to the direction and value of the grid frequency deviating from XNUMXHz, real-time online through the speed regulation system of the generator set and the automatic power generation control system (AGC) of the grid, Adjust the power supply on the energy side to adapt to changes in the power consumption on the load side to achieve the balance of power generation/utilization of the grid, so that the grid frequency is controlled by the power grid through its own frequency/power characteristics of the generator set speed regulation system, which is usually referred to as primary FM.因此，電網頻率控制的本質是：根據電網頻率偏離XNUMXHz的方向和值，通過發電機組的調速系統和自動發電控制系統（AGC）實時在線調整電網側的電源，以適應負載側功耗的變化，以達到電網發電/利用的平衡，使電網頻率通過電網的頻率來控制發電機組調速系統自身的頻率/功率特性，通常稱為主調頻。 It is mainly realized by the static characteristic F=f(P) and dynamic characteristic (PID regulation law) of the generator set speed control system;它主要由發電機組調速系統的靜態特性F = f（P）和動態特性（PID調節律）來實現。
The grid AGC is based on the macro control of the grid, economic operation and grid exchange power control, and other factors, to the relevant unit speed regulation system to issue the corresponding unit's target (planned) power value, thereby generating power/frequency control within the grid ( LFC), called the second frequency modulation.電網AGC是基於電網的宏觀控制，經濟運行和電網交換功率控制等因素，向相關機組調速系統發布相應機組的目標（計劃）功率值，從而產生功率/頻率控制在電網內（LFC），稱為二次調頻。 The rate is restored to an allowable range around 50 Hz.速率恢復到XNUMX Hz左右的允許範圍。
Generator set speed regulation system primary frequency regulation static characteristics Unit original working condition: point A on static characteristic curve 1 (Pc1): unit target power: Pc1;發電機組調速系統一次調頻靜態特性機組原始工作狀態：靜態特性曲線1（Pc1）上的A點：機組目標功率：PcXNUMX； unit actual power: PXNUMX;單位實際功率：PXNUMX； unit frequency: fXNUMX;單位頻率：fXNUMX； speed control system adjustment coefficient (speed Rate of change): ep.速度控制系統調節係數（速度變化率）：ep。
電網中存在電力短缺，將其轉換為正在討論的單元：電力短缺：P3-P1；
Primary frequency regulation Function: grid power shortage will cause the grid frequency to decrease.一次頻率調節功能：電網功率不足會導致電網頻率降低。 If no regulation is carried out, the frequency should be reduced to f3 according to static characteristic curve 1 (Pc1).如果未進行調節，則應根據靜態特性曲線XNUMX（PcXNUMX）將頻率降低至fXNUMX。
靜態頻率自調整功能一起起作用，因此所討論的單元具有附加功率ΔPf= P2-P1，電網頻率為f2（靜態特性曲線2（Pc1）上的B點）。 即，所討論的單元與電網中的其他單元一起經歷了頻率調整，但是電網頻率為f2，並且不可能在干擾之前恢復到f1。
The effect of secondary frequency regulation: If the secondary frequency regulation of the grid modifies the target power of the unit under discussion from Pc1 to Pc2, the static characteristics of the unit speed control system will change from characteristic curve 1 (Pc1) to characteristic curve 2 (Pc2).次級頻率調節的影響：如果電網的次級頻率調節將討論中的單元的目標功率從Pc2更改為Pc2，則單元速度控制系統的靜態特性將從特性曲線2（Pc3）變為特性曲線1（Pc1）。 The final adjustment result is point C on characteristic curve XNUMX (PcXNUMX): speed adjustment system adjustment coefficient (speed variation rate) ep, unit target power PcXNUMX, unit actual power PXNUMX, unit frequency fXNUMX;最終的調節結果為特性曲線XNUMX（PcXNUMX）上的C點：調速系統調節係數（速度變化率）ep，單位目標功率PcXNUMX，單位實際功率PXNUMX，單位頻率fXNUMX。 the power shortage of the grid is compensated, and the system The frequency also returns to the value fXNUMX before the disturbance.電網的電力短缺得到了補償，系統的頻率在干擾之前也返回到值fXNUMX。 Obviously, the self-regulation of the grid load frequency (primary frequency modulation) only works during the adjustment process.顯然，電網負載頻率的自調節（主頻率調製）僅在調節過程中有效。
綜上所述，在電網負荷擾動後，電網頻率將發生偏差，各單元的調速系統將根據頻率偏差Δf和（功率）調整係數ep對頻率進行調整。相對較快的時間（8至15秒）內部補償了系統的部分功率差異； 電網的自動發電控制（AGC，二次頻率調節）在一次頻率調節的基礎上，對相關單元的目標功率值Pc進行校正，並通過調速系統的P
一次調頻的主要性能指標如下：
1.速度變化率，即永久滑移係數bp，範圍從0到10％，並且實際值和設定值之間的相對偏差小於5％。
2.永久滑動特性曲線的非線性誤差小於5％。
3.速度控制系統的延遲率，即速度的死區，小於0.04％。
0.001±4。 本機參與一次調頻的盲區範圍為0.500±Hz〜Hz。 分辨率0.001Hz
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